When you install a dual-boot of Linux, one of the frustrating things that you’ll immediately notice is that Linux is set as the default operating system in the Grub loader. If you want to change default Operation System instead of Linux, there’s an easy way to switch back to using Windows as the default. Open /boot/grub/menu.lst, # vim /bo...

By default, MySQL only allows connections from the localhost address – 127.0.0.1. The configuration file is usually found in /etc/my.cnf. To switch MySQL to listen on TCP, Open /etc/my.cnf or /etc/mysql/my.cnf. # vim /etc/my.cnf Modify line as below # bind-address  = 127.0.0.1 Save and Exit the file. Now restart the database server by executing, # /e...

Nginx quickly delivers static content with efficient use of system resources. It can deploy dynamic HTTP content on a network using FastCGI handlers for scripts, and can serve as a very capable software load balancer. Nginx uses an asynchronous event-driven approach to handling requests which provides more predictable performance under load, in contrast to the Apache HTTP server model that uses a threaded or...

vmstat reports  information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu activity. The first report produced gives averages since the last reboot.   Additional  reports  give information on a sampling period of length delay. The process and memory reports are instantaneous in either case. [root@linuxArticles.org ~]# vmstat -s 4087800  total memory 1643176  used m...

Nowadays, GMail servers are very much reliable and give you a couple of GiBs for free of cost! So, it is the best place to store your linux system's important data. In order to accomplish this, first create a directory named “backup” in the root directory of your system: # cd / && mkdir backup Now, you need to create a script, which will perform backup and mail it for you...

You can convert DEB file to RPM package and RPM to DEB package using alien command, if you have a *.rpm file that you want to install on a Debian or Ubuntu. Convert RPM to DEB Install alien command on Ubuntu as mentioned here: # sudo apt-get install alien Now, use alien command to convert rpm to deb file, # alien...

We can configure apache – httpd service to listen Multiple ports via Listen directive. By default httpd listens on TCP port 80. To configure multiple ports, open file /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf and modify the Listen directive tells the server to accept incoming requests on the specified port # vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Find, Listen 80 Force apache to listen to port 8...

  This article will guide you through the necessary steps to install ipw3945 wireless adapter on a CentOS / RHEL based distribution. Before we start, make sure that you have rpmforge repository configured. If you do not have, download it from here. # wget http://packages.sw.be/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.2-2.el5.rf.i386.rpm # rpm -ivh...

By default, when we are creating new user to Linux OS, all files from /etc/skel are copied to the new user's home directory. There are few files included in /etc/skel/ by default. * /etc/skel/.bash_logout * /etc/skel/.bashrc * /etc/skel/.profile * /etc/skel/.cshrc If you want to share some files, including rules and regulations to new users, simply add it...

For mysql, the system administrator user is called root. We will use the mysqladmin utility from a command line to set the new password. Default password is not secured at all. By default in RedHat, Fedora and Centos default password is null. So it is always better to set root password. To re-set root password, first stop mysql service. # service mysqld stop # mysqld_safe...

Istanbul is a desktop session recorder for the Free Desktop. It records your session into an Ogg Theora video file. To start the recording, you click on its icon in the notification area. To stop you click its icon again. It works on GNOME, KDE, XFCE and others. It named Istanbul because, Istanbul as a tribute to Liverpool's 5th European Cup triumph in Istanbul on May 25th 2005. To install Istanbul, # yum...

In computer science, Memory Leakage occurs when a computer software or program consumes required memory but unable to memory after completing its task or when no longer needed to Operating System. There are two types of Memory Leakage. One is Virtual Memory Leakage and another is Real Memory Leakage. Now first Identify cached memory or unused memory by executing, ...

Do you want to create a document using windows fonts in Linux? No problem, please install windows fonts using one of mentioned method. Method 1: Copy the *.ttf (True Type Fonts) fonts like Arial, Tahoma, Verdana, Courier New and Times New Roman from the windows partition to the fonts:// location in nautilus. Method 2: For Ubuntu users, and since Ubuntu does not have a...

Do you want to Download your favorite you tube video in Linux? No problem! Here I have mentioned all steps to download you tube video using Linux Terminal.   Step 1: Install youtube-dl package by executing, On Ubuntu, $ sudo apt-get install youtube-dl On Fedora, RedHat, CentOS, # yum install youtube-dl -y Step 2: After having successfully installed youtube-dl, open a...

Anyone who has physical access to the keyboard can simply use the Ctrl Alt Delete key combination to reboot the server without passing any authentication credentials to server. To disable Ctrl Alt Delete, update /etc/inittab and make sure following line is commented out: # vim /etc/inittab # ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now Save and exit...

For Authentication, Account Management and Authorization, PAM is the core module and pam_unix provides mentioned functionality. Same module can be used to maintain a list of old passwords for every user. This is useful if you want to disallow use of old passwords. You can find out old password list from /etc/security/opasswd file. Open /etc/pam.d/system-auth file of Fedora Core or Red Hat or...

 In RedHat/CentOS/Fedora, software are packaged in .rpm format. rpm is a powerful Package Manager, which can be used to build, install, query, verify, update, and erase individual software packages. A package consists of an archive of files and meta-data used to install and erase the archive files. The meta-data includes helper scripts, file attributes, and descriptive information about the package. Packages...

Linux kernel has PC speaker bell driver called pcspkr.ko. It is responsible for generating beeps while users are working on Shell Prompts ( Both Virtual and GUI Terminals ). If you don't like it, simply remove driver from kernel. Login as a root and type the following command to unload the driver: # rmmod -v pcspkr Sample output: rmmod pcspkr, wait=no We...

There are a number of different ways to do root password recovery on a Linux system. Different distributions make it easier than others. You must be physically in front of the system. For Red Hat and Mandrake: Boot from your first install CD and as the very first screen comes up hit F2 and type: rescue ( For RedHat "linux rescue" ) and the computer will boot in rescue mode....

For mysql, the system administrator user is called root. We will use the mysqladmin utility from a command line to set the new password. Default password is not secured at all. By default in RedHat, Fedora and Centos default password is null. So it is always better to set root password. To set root password, # mysqladmin -u root password XyZ@aBc@123 # mysqladmin -u root -h ...

If you are using Linux Desktop Operating System and do not want to set up an email server, use GMail account to relay emails. On Desktop OS, we can use GUI Email Clients, which supports POP3/IMAP to send an email but how about /usr/bin/mail or from cmd prompt? To fulfil your requirement, you need to install a simple program called ssmtp. It accepts a mail stream on standard input...

Sometimes you may get old web results and old webpages even after updating the web pages. That means, DNS cache holds the problem. To solve this problem, execute below command to flush DNS cache.  # /etc/rc.d/init.d/nscd restart

Nikto is a web server scanner tool, which performs comprehensive checking against web servers for multiple items, including over 3500 potentially dangerous files/CGIs, versions on over 700 servers, and version specific problems more than 200 servers. Nikto is built on LibWhisker and can run on any platform which has a Perl environment, and supports SSL, proxies, host authentication, IDS...

Rsync is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool. It can copy locally, to/from another host over any remote shell, or to/from a remote rsync daemon. It offers a large number of options that control every aspect of its behaviour and permit very flexible specification of the set of files to be copied. It is famous for its delta-transfer algorithm, which reduces the amount of data...

When your system is rebooted, grub presents the boot option menu called splace screen. From here, you or anybody can easily login into a single user mode (sometimes it is called Rescue Mode) without the password which might result into breaching computer security. You can set a password for the GRUB boot loader. This prevents users from rescue or Singe-User  mode or changing settings at boot ...